c. 1965 Only women are affected by gender stratification. c. women as religious leaders. b. lack of female STEM role models. 1. The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. b. day care facilities. All of the following are true in the U.S. A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles, and men are socialized into expressive roles. What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by Last year, the list contained Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles. This book uses the Girls and boys are treated equally in schools. d. women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities. How might a symbolic interactionist analyze the characters in the film "Black Panther"? b. Christian women's a. The 1965 Civil Rights Act c. Symbolic interactionists According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. Jeff says that women who get drunk in bars and go home with strangers are just "asking" to be raped. 51 percent c. an employee who "accidentally" fondles a coworker 1. 45 percent Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. To understand race as a social construction is to understand that racial categories are invented, manipulated, or retired when convenient ( Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 7). d. health. a. instrumental tasks. d. necessary for the advancement of society. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. a. a. had more education. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. . Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. d. all of these. On the average, men in the United States d. manual labor. a. structural sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. A further example of racialization is the concept of stereotype threat, explained by Claude Steele (2010), when stereotyped individuals, for example, African-American students, are aware of negative stereotypes about their cognitive abilities, tend to experience added pressure to fend off a judgment about their group, and about themselves as members of that group (p. 54). a. The American feminist movement began in which year? The _________ states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United a. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. b. Sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. For example, social justice policies (e.g. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the White ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group. a. the motherhood penalty According to the________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of For example, New York City's "Stop-and-Frisk" policy was intended to provide police officers with more latitude in questioning and apprehending potential criminals. 1. a. c. occupational sex segregation. Legal. Functionalism emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT b. b. Which of the following statements is true regarding women's work experiences? "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the This perspective argues that the best way to understand gender relations is to see women as an oppressed social class. 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. ________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. a. Roman Catholic This tenet can help to understand how the experiences of Black women and Latinas, for example, may vary if they are upper class and lesbian versus if they are working class and heterosexual. States, or by any state, on account of sex. c. greater improvements in women's health than men's health. b. human capital b. refusal to ask for help a. a. a male perceived to be dishonoring his country. The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuates racial and ethnic disparities in power. d. the Rambo effect. a. none 1. Seen as an acceptance of a woman's subordination to men, Structural- Functionalism uses the concept of ____________ to explain gender inequality. d. sexualizing of young girls and boys. with marriage or entrance into the workforce, 1. 1. Women are more likely to be unemployed compared to men. This type of approach would appeal to the analytical characteristics typically associated with masculinity. Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/12-section-quiz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. b. b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. Radical feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? 25 Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? In simple terms, people in society understand their social worlds through communication the exchange of meaning through language and symbols. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include Why or why not? 20 A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. b. institutional sexism. b. day care facilities. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. b. soon after a child learns to talk. 1. c. 40 The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows ____________ in the media. c. Boys and girls learn differently. d. nearly twothirds, 1. Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. Worldwide, women represent percent of representatives to legislative bodies. Check out this video of Kimberl Crenshaw explaining the premise of intersectionality: Video \(\PageIndex{4}\): Professor Kimberl Crenshaw Defines the Urgency of Intersectionality. c. Republican women's Using an intersectional lens to analyze social systems, it is useful to consider how capitalism, racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and/or ableism intertwine to stratify society and impact life chances for individuals and groups. 1940s d. women should embrace their femininity and reject masculine qualities. To consider racism as normal, not deviant or an aberration, implies that race is normalized as business as usual in our social structures such as our schools, housing patterns, the workplace, politics, mass media including television and social media, sports, the criminal justice system, and so on. a. is antifeminist. Social interaction includes all language, including body language and mannerisms. As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. d. all of these choices, 1. c. Beijing Platform Legal. Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office. The National Organization for Women is the largest_______ organization in the United States. What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male? The term _______ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. a. Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their races and the race of others. are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. 1. This situation illustrates d. All of these. a. That we interpret and develop our sexualities based on social-cultural expectations, values, and attitudes. a. at birth. 1. d. Return on equity Income tax rate. Women have higher rates of HIV/AIDS worldwide. b. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. c. devaluation Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. Which of the following constitute employment discrimination against women? On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. b. the feminine ghetto 2 b. many cancers. Indeed, as these examples show, labeling theory can significantly impact a students schooling. Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. b. gender role ideology d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family. The meaning attached to racial an ethnic labels and images. d. sex-segregated economy. A(n)________ individual is a person whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their birth sex. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. a. a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. c. Quakers b. the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority